The relationship between non-human animals, the shared-world (Mitwelt), and human animals is characterized by mutual interdependence. However, since around the 19^th century, technical-industrial development has led to the extensive human exploitation of other animals and our shared-world. In the face of humanity’s destructive violence, Christian theology is called upon to reflect upon what kind of treatment of other animals and the shared-world is truly Christian. While this question most directly affects other animals and the shared-world, it also indirectly affects future human beings who will suffer severely from climate change and species extinction.

The vagueness of the term antisemitism – especially with regard to its origins – renders it controversial. It was first introduced and deployed in 1879 as the programmatic self-designation of a political-social movement – the “Anti-Semitic league” (“Antisemitenliga”) – whose goal was to combat Judaism. Currently, the term is mostly used colloquially either as a noun (antisemitism, antisemites) or as an attribute (antisemitic). It serves its purpose as a tried and tested term that remains discursively effective and whose role is to identify expressions, attitudes, and practices that are rooted in an antisemitic attitude or that can be interpreted as antisemitic. It is, however, disputed whether and to what extent religiously motivated anti-judaism, national anti-Zionism, and politically motivated hostility toward Israel can all be subsumed equally under, and thought about by means of, this colloquially used “container-term” (Containerbegriff).

Baptism is a ritual practiced in all Christian churches that combines in itself various theological interpretive dimensions. The denominational traditions emphasize these dimensions differently. Diverging practices with regard to infant baptism in particular – but not only this – create difficulties for a mutual recognition of baptism. Ecumenical dialogues have so far made numerous suggestions for how to solve these difficulties.

• Ecclesiology
• Sacrament

This article briefly offers an account of the Black theology movement as it emerged in the United States context. First, it offers a brief definition and aims of the movement. Second, it situates its emergence in the broader context of Western settler colonialism, American chattel slavery, and the mid-twentieth-century U.S. Black freedom struggle during the post-Civil Rights era. Then the article will analyze James H. Cone’s  pioneering work, Black Theology and Black Power. Finally, this article concludes with remarks regarding how the Black theology movement has developed since its inception. It does so by highlighting the work of several thinkers to signal trajectories for the movement’s further development.

• Systematische Theologie

The word canon has multiple meanings. In the Christian context, it refers on the one hand to the Bible as a collection of sacred writings (cf. art. Scripture) and on the other hand to the foundation or elementary contents of the Christian faith. The relationship between the two is a topic handled within fundamental theology as well as within material dogmatics. The latter disciplines also deal with the biblical canon and biblical hermeneutics, where, in its function as Holy Scripture, the Bible has a normative status that is yet-to-be-determined more precisely not only in the context of proclamation and the life of the Church but also in all of the theological disciplines. However, the extent to which this applies to, and how it manifests itself concretely in, theological work is the subject of ongoing debate.

All monotheistic religions are convinced that the world was created by a deity. For the Christian religion, the two creation narratives at the beginning of the bible (cf. art. Scripture) are of particular relevance. Christianity derives from these narratives an understanding of the origin, meaning, and purpose of all living things. However, conflicts of interpretation regarding the role and responsibility of humans in the overall context of creation are always present. It is interesting to note that the authors of the biblical texts were already aware that the world as they experienced it was marked by a deficit of justice.

• Anthropology

• Christology
• Soteriology

This article examines how democracy can be a way of enacting fundamental Christian commitments. It opens with a definition and then assesses the scriptural precedents for a commitment to democracy. The article closes by outlining the key modern theological arguments that exhort active involvement in democratic struggles for justice and liberation as well as responsibility for developing and sustaining democratic political systems. The entry as a whole outlines a theological grammar of democracy, providing a means to evaluate theologically whether a particular polity or form of politics is democratic.

This entry seeks to illustrate that as far as digital culture is the environment of our lives, it is the context of our theologising. It will begin by discussing why digital theological engagement is inevitable and thereafter discuss some of the doctrinal focus areas and debates within digital theology to date.

• Systematic Theology

Disability is not only a socially and medically relevant experience, but also opens up a fundamental theological path to knowledge. Disability theology questions central tenets of doctrine by reinterpreting concepts such as wholeness, normality, and salvation in the light of dependence, relationship, and the lived experience of difference. It criticizes the equation of healing with salvation, normativity with wholeness, and autonomy with humanity, and instead opens up physically situated life, based on resonance and participation, as a place of divine presence. This raises not only ethical questions about inclusion, medical boundaries, and social participation, but also systematic theological questions: How, for example, can our view of God, anthropology, Christology, pneumatology, and eschatology be rethought in light of physical diversity, relational interdependence, and shared dependence? Disability theology thus presents itself as an interdisciplinary but dogmatically distinct field that is gaining relevance both within the church and ecumenically.

• Anthropology

Dogmatics is a field within (systematic) theology that deals with the development of the content of Christian faith and its responsibility to the present. Against the background of dogmatics’ historical developments, we focus on what characterizes dogmatics as an academic (wissenschaftliche) discipline (such as systematicity, positionality, contextuality, interdisciplinarity), the tasks and goals it pursues, the sources (Bible, practice of faith, experience) and norms it refers to, and the subjects that it deals with. In light of the plurality internal to dogmatics, we discuss the position of dogmatics in the context of systematic theology and also thematize the status of dogmatics as an academic discipline. Finally, our own understanding of dogmatics in the context of the SysLex project is presented and explained as followed: “Dogmatics means theologizing in the face of the present as a reflective endeavor related to the Christian faith and its practices. This process gives rise to a dialogical context that, within academic dogmatics at least, aims at increasing coherence and at methodologically grounded dispute around and between categories of interpretation. Dogmatics finds a central – but not the only – place in academic theology (wissenschaftliche Theologie).”

• Prolegomena
• Systematic Theology

Eudaimonism is a form of ethical reflection focused on eudaimonia, the highest good for human life, and its relationship to virtue. Early and medieval Christian thought, inheriting this pattern of thought from Greek moral philosophy, reshaped it in relation to biblical ethical traditions centered on right relationship to God; God was understood as final end and highest Good, in friendship with whom happiness is to be found. The ecstatic, self-transcending character of this tradition was lost in the early modern period, with the rise of utilitarianism. Contemporary debates about eudaimonism center around the question of whether it is improperly self-regarding.

The biological theory of evolution understands the emergence and further development of organisms as an ongoing process throughout history. This challenged theology to reflect on its own understanding of creation and related questions of the doctrine of God and anthropology. The background to these reflections is the question of the fundamental relationship between theology and natural science. Evolution and creation are related to each other in different ways – from the view that they are incompatible to a synthesis of both concepts.

Not only the theory of the natural origin of species, but also the idea of a naturally explainable evolution of religion has been and continues to be understood as a challenge to religion and theology.

Feminist theology is gender-conscious, liberation-oriented, contextual, and experience-based theology. As such, it represents an important interdisciplinary perspective within theological reflection. It is therefore particularly important today to understand feminist theology as a theology that incorporates the construction and deconstruction of gender into every facet of its reflection. Personal experiences have been and continue to be the impetus and motivation to embark (anew) on a theological and scholarly journey in search of answers.

• Systematic Theology

Three main positions concerning hell can be distinguished. First, the Augustinian view of hell as place of eternal punishment, which stamped the Western tradition, with the variation of a purgatory (Roman-Catholic) or without it (Protestant). Second, in the Eastern tradition, universalist tendencies rendered hell a transitional phase after which all shall be saved. Third, annihilationism states that while believers live eternally, the damned are destroyed forever. Diverse interpretations of Biblical Scripture lead to a proliferation of all three options. Meanwhile, modern humanism has put the Augustinian option under pressure.

• Eschatology

“I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Christian church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the dead and eternal life.” This sentence forms the conclusion of the Apostles’ Creed (witnessed since 404), which is prayed in all Western traditions. It has a Trinitarian structure, i.e. it states what is meant by faith in God, the Creator (cf. art. Creation) and Father, in Jesus Christ and in the Holy Spirit. But doesn’t the third article of faith’s talk of the communion of saints, forgiveness of sins, resurrection of the dead and eternal life as an explanation for the Holy Spirit leave many believers rather perplexed? How can we understand the Holy Spirit?

The Hebrew and Greek words for spirit (ruach and pneuma) also stand for wind. Like the wind, the spirit “overcomes” people, it “descends.” It “takes hold” of both individuals and communities. However, as it is difficult to grasp, it is often regarded as a numinous, incomprehensible divine power. So is it pointless to strive for a clear understanding of God’s spirit? How can we make it clear that God’s Spirit, the Holy Spirit, is a very real power that liberates and uplifts people? He is an unconditionally good spirit and must be distinguished from all kinds of spirits and natural and cultural powers and forces among people. This cannot be achieved through a religiously exaggerated reference to the romance of nature. For even if the divine spirit with its “overcoming” can remind us of a pleasantly warming sun, a cooling wind or a longed-for rain, it must not be confused with natural and cosmic forces.[1] The sun can burn, storms and thunderstorms can destroy and kill. And all natural life inevitably lives at the expense of other life. In what other way can we seek to grasp the unconditionally good spirit of God, the Holy Spirit?
Biblical texts and stories can prevent us from getting stuck in our impressions: Forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the dead – these are just the fanciful speech bubbles of times past. Biblical orientation, especially in the texts of the Old Testament, leads us out of the tangle of ambiguities.

[1] Cf. Moltmann, Jürgen, Der Geist des Lebens. Eine ganzheitliche Pneumatologie, Gütersloh 2010. He wants to discover the spirit “in nature, in plants, in animals and in the earth’s ecosystems” (23), “to experience God in all things” (49ff.), translation by Michael Welker.

[2] Cf. Welker, Michael, Der Geist der Freiheit und die Freiheit des Geistes, in: Theologie im Gespräch. Jürgen Moltmann zum 95. Geburtstag, Bad Boll, 22.–24.10.2021, epd-Dokumentation 5, 2022, 7–12.

• Doctrine of God
• Pneumatology

Essentially, two ethical perspectives can be distinguished when it comes to the Church hymn, both of which emerge out of the formal character (Gestalt) of this genre of music. First, we are with the Church hymn dealing exclusively with text-bound music. These texts can be the object of ethical analysis with respect to their inherent claims about human existence or with respect to the ways in which they either prompt action or the omission of action. Second and even more primarily, the ethical implications of the Church hymn disclose themselves in the performative dimension. Participation in and through music in particular situational contexts has demonstrable effects on the body that are worthy of ethical consideration. The emphasis in this essay lies on the music.

• Ecclesiology

The concept of justification is central in Protestant theology. Its theological meaning differs fundamentally from its meaning in non-theological language. In everyday language, the term refers to the act of explaining, or accounting for, a particular behavior or action before another entity. Within theology, it designates the relationship between human beings and God. It designates a divine act through which God frees human beings from the injustice of their sins and bestows righteousness on them. Questions about how God justifies, to what extent justification is an act of divine grace, whether and in what way human beings can contribute to their justification, and what constitutes the healing power of righteousness have been the subject of theological reflection and debate since ancient times.

In the Christian faith, language is the central medium for communicating salvation. This has been the subject of much reflection throughout the history of Christian theology and devotion. However, systematic theology must also rethink the significance of language in the current context of questions about the function and capabilities of language, as well as in light of the critical challenges posed by the sciences.

Alongside baptism, the Last Supper is the core Christian sacrament. Accordingly, it is intended to facilitate God’s presence in the world in a way determined by God. Based on the New Testament accounts of Jesus’ final meal with his disciples on the night before his crucifixion, the Last Supper is a formalized rite involving the eating of bread and the drinking of wine. With the multiplication of Christian denominations, disagreements have emerged concerning the form of the meal celebration and, above all else, the ways of interpreting the presence of Christ. These disagreements have overshadowed the common foundation in all Christian denominations – namely, that the Last Supper is a way of representing Christ.

• Ecclesiology
• Sacrament

Dogmatic, ethical, and exegetical questions intertwine with each other in the theology of law. Along with the question regarding an ethical orientation towards God’s will, what is also under discussion in the theology of the law is the law’s significance for salvation, especially in its distinction from, and relationship to, the Gospel. In addition, we must also always ask how, and by what means, the will of God is expressed in the law.

• Society

Liberation theology is a theological and social movement. In fact, it is more accurate to describe it as a variety of movements that developed, first, among Christian communities, but that soon found expression in all major religious traditions during the second half of the 20^th century. “Liberation theology” therefore is not a uniform school of thought or movement. Rather, liberation theology is the name given to a family of viewpoints that gather around certain basic tenets or orienting principles, some of which are shared by nonreligious movements of liberation as well. Despite their differences, most theologies of liberation share the following four orienting principles.

• Systematic Theology

As it pertains to religion, the term mission (Latin: missio = to send) usually describes the communication of one’s own beliefs and practices to people and groups with other religious traditions or world views. It occurs by means of various practices and media. Additionally, mission is often understood in terms of altruistic and caring service towards fellow human beings and the environment. While the term is often used both colloquially and in scholarship exclusively in relation to the Christian faith,[i] researchers on religion also apply it to other religious traditions. When viewed from the perspective of the history of religion, mission is, however, not a feature of all religious traditions.[ii]

[i] Bürkle, Horst, Art. Mission. I. Religionsgeschichtlich, in: LThK 7 ([Sonderdruck] ³2009), 288–289, 288.

[ii] Vgl. Sundermeier, Theo, Art. Mission. I. Religionsgeschichtlich, in: RGG⁴ 5 (2002), 1272–1273.

This article offers an overview of how “peace” is understood, perceived, and conceptualized as an ethical task within the Christian tradition. Focusing on the Protestant tradition, it first defines the discipline of Christian peace ethics and introduces its range of tasks. This is followed by an overview of the genesis of Christian peace ethics that concentrates on central developments in the history of theology, discourses, and textual sources. The outline of contemporary threats to peace that follows demonstrates the real-world relevance of Christian peace ethics and its orientation toward concrete problems and reality. The fourth section sketches theological perspectives that can guide an ethical approach to the theme of peace.

Who or what is “the public sphere” (Öffentlichkeit)? And why is it important for theology and the Church? The three guiding topics in what follows should help answer these questions. First, a brief historical derivation of the term is provided, after which various dimensions of “the public sphere” are highlighted. Finally and using the paradigm of “public theology,” a brief explanation is given for why the public, the Church, and theology belong together.

“CSU is playing tricks with a symbol of faith.” This is the title of a guest article published on April 2018 by the Munich emeritus professor of theology Friedrich Wilhelm Graf  in the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper. Graf comments on the Bavarian Prime Minister Markus Söder’s decision to have crosses hung up in Bavarian government buildings. He recounts the history of the symbol of the cross, clarifies its meaning within Christian religious culture, and reaches the conclusion that the state government is misusing the cross “for very superficial political purposes.”

The example of Graf’s article shows how theology can participate in a public debate on a current political issue in a comprehensible, relevant, and stimulating manner. This is precisely what public theology reflects upon and strives for: the public relevance of theological discourse and the theological engagement with pressing issues in the public sphere. Public theology reflects on how theology is public.

As such, public theology is not a new theological discipline alongside church history, biblical studies, practical, and systematic theology. Nor can it be reduced to ethics. Rather, it emphasizes the cross-sectional (Querschnittsaufgabe) task of theology to reflect upon its public character. Public theology also does not offer a political agenda for the Church or represent a new school of theological thought. It is more so a discourse in which different perspectives are brought to bear on questions of public relevance.

• Society
• Systematic Theology

Reference to the Bible as Holy Scripture is constitutive for Christianity in both praxis and theory and it plays a particularly important role in shaping identity within Protestantism. This is evident in its prominent status as canon. Since the Reformation, Protestant churches have regarded the Bible as the “rule and norm” (Formula of Concord, Art. I) of faith, towards which ecclesial life and theological teaching must be oriented. However, the manner in which this orientation towards the Bible is to be understood in the life of the churches and in the context of theological reflection remains controversial – both within Protestantism and among other denominations. In this respect, in contemporary Protestant dogmatics, Scripture is primarily viewed in terms of crisis. The debate surrounding the so-called “crisis of the Scripture principle” is a fundamental aspect of contemporary theological reflection on Scripture. To whom does Scripture apply, how, and in what respects? How do texts that must be interpreted historically relate to contemporary challenges? How should we deal with the plurality of Scripture and its interpretation?

• Ecclesiology
• Prolegomena

This article offers an introduction to the problem of theodicy and the arguments that have attempted to cope with it. To this end, it discusses the concepts from the philosophy of religion and theology that have been influential as well as the criticisms of them. Ultimately, the analysis makes the plea for a theology that is sensitive to suffering and that deliberately keeps open the theodicy question.

The term “Theologies of Religion” refers to the field within systematic theology that deals with the relationship of the Christian faith and the community of the faithful (Church) to other religions. It involves the examination of religious plurality in general as well as questions that emerge in relation to specific non-Christian religions (such as Islam).

• Prolegomena
• Religion
• Systematic Theology

The Christian faith lives by means of the passing on of its content. For centuries, the testimony of the revelation of God in Jesus Christ has been handed down both orally and in writing. Tradition is therefore a process of transmission (lat. tradere). In this process, Christians grapple with how to understand the passed-on content (lat. tradita, traditum). From this grappling emerged doctrines and creeds, rituals, and attitudes that likewise can be described as tradition. Even though the emergence of faith is not subject to human control, the transmission of the content of faith is a necessary medium through which faith can emerge. The question of tradition is therefore a foundational topic for theology. Yet it is one that has often only been dealt with marginally within Protestant dogmatics, primarily in the context of interdenominational controversies surrounding the question of the sources of theology and salvation. Protestant theology always determines the exact meaning of tradition in relation to the bible.

• Ecclesiology