Jesus Christ

This article briefly offers an account of the Black theology movement as it emerged in the United States context. First, it offers a brief definition and aims of the movement. Second, it situates its emergence in the broader context of Western settler colonialism, American chattel slavery, and the mid-twentieth-century U.S. Black freedom struggle during the post-Civil Rights era. Then the article will analyze James H. Cone’s  pioneering work, Black Theology and Black Power. Finally, this article concludes with remarks regarding how the Black theology movement has developed since its inception. It does so by highlighting the work of several thinkers to signal trajectories for the movement’s further development.

• Systematische Theologie

Feminist theology is gender-conscious, liberation-oriented, contextual, and experience-based theology. As such, it represents an important interdisciplinary perspective within theological reflection. It is therefore particularly important today to understand feminist theology as a theology that incorporates the construction and deconstruction of gender into every facet of its reflection. Personal experiences have been and continue to be the impetus and motivation to embark (anew) on a theological and scholarly journey in search of answers.

• Systematic Theology

The concept of justification is central in Protestant theology. Its theological meaning differs fundamentally from its meaning in non-theological language. In everyday language, the term refers to the act of explaining, or accounting for, a particular behavior or action before another entity. Within theology, it designates the relationship between human beings and God. It designates a divine act through which God frees human beings from the injustice of their sins and bestows righteousness on them. Questions about how God justifies, to what extent justification is an act of divine grace, whether and in what way human beings can contribute to their justification, and what constitutes the healing power of righteousness have been the subject of theological reflection and debate since ancient times.

In the Christian faith, language is the central medium for communicating salvation. This has been the subject of much reflection throughout the history of Christian theology and devotion. However, systematic theology must also rethink the significance of language in the current context of questions about the function and capabilities of language, as well as in light of the critical challenges posed by the sciences.

Alongside baptism, the Last Supper is the core Christian sacrament. Accordingly, it is intended to facilitate God’s presence in the world in a way determined by God. Based on the New Testament accounts of Jesus’ final meal with his disciples on the night before his crucifixion, the Last Supper is a formalized rite involving the eating of bread and the drinking of wine. With the multiplication of Christian denominations, disagreements have emerged concerning the form of the meal celebration and, above all else, the ways of interpreting the presence of Christ. These disagreements have overshadowed the common foundation in all Christian denominations – namely, that the Last Supper is a way of representing Christ.

• Ecclesiology
• Sacrament

Reference to the Bible as Holy Scripture is constitutive for Christianity in both praxis and theory and it plays a particularly important role in shaping identity within Protestantism. This is evident in its prominent status as canon. Since the Reformation, Protestant churches have regarded the Bible as the “rule and norm” (Formula of Concord, Art. I) of faith, towards which ecclesial life and theological teaching must be oriented. However, the manner in which this orientation towards the Bible is to be understood in the life of the churches and in the context of theological reflection remains controversial – both within Protestantism and among other denominations. In this respect, in contemporary Protestant dogmatics, Scripture is primarily viewed in terms of crisis. The debate surrounding the so-called “crisis of the Scripture principle” is a fundamental aspect of contemporary theological reflection on Scripture. To whom does Scripture apply, how, and in what respects? How do texts that must be interpreted historically relate to contemporary challenges? How should we deal with the plurality of Scripture and its interpretation?

• Ecclesiology
• Prolegomena