Reconciliation

“Forgiveness” is one of the terms used in systematic theology to describe God’s salvific action toward humanity. More specifically, the term “forgiveness” refers to God’s dealings with humanity as sinners, that is, with their sinfulness and sin(s). Accordingly, in systematic theology, divine forgiveness refers to the forgiveness of sin(s). A possible connection between divine forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness is partly accepted and partly criticized in Protestant theology.

The concept of justification is central in Protestant theology. Its theological meaning differs fundamentally from its meaning in non-theological language. In everyday language, the term refers to the act of explaining, or accounting for, a particular behavior or action before another entity. Within theology, it designates the relationship between human beings and God. It designates a divine act through which God frees human beings from the injustice of their sins and bestows righteousness on them. Questions about how God justifies, to what extent justification is an act of divine grace, whether and in what way human beings can contribute to their justification, and what constitutes the healing power of righteousness have been the subject of theological reflection and debate since ancient times.