Politics

This article examines how democracy can be a way of enacting fundamental Christian commitments. It opens with a definition and then assesses the scriptural precedents for a commitment to democracy. The article closes by outlining the key modern theological arguments that exhort active involvement in democratic struggles for justice and liberation as well as responsibility for developing and sustaining democratic political systems. The entry as a whole outlines a theological grammar of democracy, providing a means to evaluate theologically whether a particular polity or form of politics is democratic.

In accordance with Jesus’s petition in the “Lord’s Prayer” (“Your kingdom come!”; Matt 6:10), the term “kingdom of God” refers to God’s reign, into whose advent-like coming presence one is drawn into a state of both “waiting and hastening.” Because the kingdom of God is coming and its coming will fundamentally transform earthly conditions, it also exerts considerable moral and political influence and, as such, is the subject of ethical reflection. The kingdom of God is already dawning in the relationship with the Father established by Jesus and is not merely future but also present, not merely transcendent but also immanent, not merely internal but also external. The kingdom of God, which is in the process of coming, raises the fundamental ethical question of how human action can and should relate to God’s action.

• Doctrine of God

Who or what is “the public sphere” (Öffentlichkeit)? And why is it important for theology and the Church? The three guiding topics in what follows should help answer these questions. First, a brief historical derivation of the term is provided, after which various dimensions of “the public sphere” are highlighted. Finally and using the paradigm of “public theology,” a brief explanation is given for why the public, the Church, and theology belong together.

The term transgenderism or transgender is used by those affected to describe the experience – which they describe as central to their identity – of incongruence with external definitions of gender that infer one’s gender identity based on specific physical characteristics. For people on the trans spectrum, assuming gender positions that correspond to their inner experience is a matter of life itself. On the one hand, therefore, transgender identity has increasingly become part of a theological consensus regarding the diversity of the foundations of experience and expressions of personality based on physicality. On the other hand, in society – and spurred by authoritarian and right-wing populist political styles – there is an increasing tendency to link transgender identity with debates that cast doubt on or vehemently reject the ethical and political legitimacy of non-binary bodily representations, sometimes even attempting to justify this stance with biblical arguments. This article orients debates about gender, transgender identity, and queer theology and discusses the systematic-theological relevance of transgender identity.

• Anthropology