Love

Following an outline of the history of the term, this article presents a definition of Christian spirituality as the human response to God’s call. It describes the various forms of this response, whose foundation is the double commandment of love, and the many ways in which spirituality can be lived out in everyday life. Regularity, community, spiritual guidance, and discernment of spirits are identified as requirements for a sustainable spiritual practice in everyday life. Certain problems are then singled out, including the need to choose one’s own form of spirituality within the complex context of late modernity and the ambiguity of the concept of experience. Finally, spirituality is framed as a basis for ecumenical community.

Eudaimonism is a form of ethical reflection focused on eudaimonia, the highest good for human life, and its relationship to virtue. Early and medieval Christian thought, inheriting this pattern of thought from Greek moral philosophy, reshaped it in relation to biblical ethical traditions centered on right relationship to God; God was understood as final end and highest Good, in friendship with whom happiness is to be found. The ecstatic, self-transcending character of this tradition was lost in the early modern period, with the rise of utilitarianism. Contemporary debates about eudaimonism center around the question of whether it is improperly self-regarding.

This article offers an introduction to the problem of theodicy and the arguments that have attempted to cope with it. To this end, it discusses the concepts from the philosophy of religion and theology that have been influential as well as the criticisms of them. Ultimately, the analysis makes the plea for a theology that is sensitive to suffering and that deliberately keeps open the theodicy question.